Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering 2024; 29(3): 440-450  
The latest techniques for inducing macrophage differentiation
Kyungwoo Lee1 · Yonghyun Choi1,2,3 · Namju Kim1 · Hee-Young Lee4 · Jonghoon Choi1,2
1 School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea
2 Feynman Institute of Technology, Nanomedicine Corporation, Seoul 06974, Korea
3 Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan
4 Department of Chemical Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi 39177, Korea
Correspondence to: Hee-Young Lee
lhysshr@kumoh.ac.kr
Jonghoon Choi
nanomed@cau.ac.kr
Received: December 17, 2023; Revised: February 23, 2024; Accepted: March 6, 2024; Published online: March 31, 2024.
© The Korean Society for Biotechnology and Bioengineering. All rights reserved.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Macrophages play a prominent role in tissue development, homeostasis, and repair. In addition, their fundamental and well-known functions are integral to the host’s defense system, including immune responses and debris removal from apoptotic cells. These immune cells are remarkably responsive to various stimuli in the microenvironment, inducing multiple forms of differentiation with distinct phenotypes and roles. These stimuli comprise biochemical signals and physical biomaterial properties. Thus, understanding how immune cells differentiate is crucial for designing biomaterials, tissue scaffolds, implantable materials, and regenerative medicine, such as developing new drugs and immunomodulatory drug delivery systems. This review discusses about the latest techniques in inducing immune cell differentiation.
Keywords: Macrophage · Differentiation · Regenerative medicine · Microenvironment

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