Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering 2023; 28(3): 459-466  
Real-time, Economical Identification of Microplastics Using Impedance-based Interdigital Array Microelectrodes and k-Nearest Neighbor Model
Congo Tak Shing Ching, Pei-Yuan Lee, Nguyen Van Hieu, Hsin-Hung Chou, Fiona Yan-Dong Yao, Sha-Yen Cheng, Yung-Kai Lin, and Thien Luan Phan
Congo Tak Shing Ching, Pei-Yuan Lee, Yung-Kai Lin, Thien Luan Phan
Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City 402, Taiwan
Congo Tak Shing Ching
Department of Electrical Engineering, National Chi Nan University, Puli Township 545, Taiwan
Pei-Yuan Lee
Department of Orthopedics, Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua City 500, Taiwan
Program in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City 402, Taiwan
Nguyen Van Hieu, Thien Luan Phan*
Department of Physics and Electronic Engineering, University of Science (Vietnam National University of Ho Chi Minh City), Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
Tel: +84-38300595
E-mail: ptluan@hcmus.edu.vn
Hsin-Hung Chou
Department of Computer Science & Information Engineering, National Chi Nan University, Puli Township 545, Taiwan
Fiona Yan-Dong Yao
Division of Science, Engineering and Health Studies, College of Professional and Continuing Education, The Hong Kong Polytechnical University, Hong Kong
Sha-Yen Cheng
Department of Environmental Biology and Fisheries Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung City 202, Taiwan
Yung-Kai Lin*
Institute of Food Safety and Risk Management, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung City 202, Taiwan
Tel: +886-2-24622192 #5172; Fax: +886-2-24634203
E-mail: yklin@ntou.edu.tw
Yung-Kai Lin
Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung City 202, Taiwan
Received: August 30, 2022; Revised: September 19, 2022; Accepted: September 22, 2022; Published online: June 30, 2023.
© The Korean Society for Biotechnology and Bioengineering. All rights reserved.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Microplastic, being a direct carrier of many pollutants, has caused grave concern and become a public issue. This gives rise to the need of a quick method for quantifying and identifying microplastics in the environment. This study uses impedance spectroscopy, particularly the imaginary part of impedance, for detection and identification of sample microplastics. Two type of common microplastic contaminants, Polyethylene and Polystyrene, diameter 20 m and 150 m, were chosen for this study. The results confirm accurate identification of microplastic material in question, by using self-normalized ratio between two characteristic frequencies of 7MHz and 8.9 MHz, Z'f = 7 MHz/Z'f = 8.9 MHz. 3-kNN classifier built with the ratio Z'f = 7 MHz/Z'f = 8.9 MHz, and Z'f = 8 MHz/Z'f = 8.9 MHz, demonstrates accuracy upto 90% for the identification of single or both microplastic types in samples. These results confirm impedance spectroscopy, permitting rapid identification of microplastic without labeling and skillful techniques, as a potential rapid sensor.
Keywords: microplastics, impedance, micro interdigitated electrode

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