Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering 2023; 28(3): 439-450  
Decellularized Human Umbilical Artery Exhibits Adequate Endothelialization in Xenogenic Transplantation
Kai Hsia, Tien-Shiang Wang, Chin-Su Liu, Chih-Kuan Su, Chien-Chin Chen, Chang-Ching Yeh, Hsinyu Lee, Chao-Ling Yao, Tsung-Yu Tseng, Shih-Hwa Chiou, Hsu Ma, Chih-Hsun Lin, and Jen-Her Lu
Kai Hsia†, Shih-Hwa Chiou
Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
Tien-Shiang Wang†, Chih-Kuan Su†, Hsu Ma, Chih-Hsun Lin*
Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
Tel: +886-2-77370020; Fax: +886-2-77370023
E-mail: chlin12@vghtpe.gov.tw
Tien-Shiang Wang, Chin-Su Liu†, Hsu Ma, Chih-Hsun Lin
Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
Chin-Su Liu
Division of Transplantation Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
Chien-Chin Chen
Department of Pathology, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi 600, Taiwan
Department of Cosmetic Science, Chia-Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 717, Taiwan
Chang-Ching Yeh
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
Chang-Ching Yeh
Department of Nurse-Midwifery and Women Health, National Taipei
University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei 11219, Taiwan
Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
Hsinyu Lee
Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
Chao-Ling Yao, Tsung-Yu Tseng
Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City 70101, Taiwan
Shih-Hwa Chiou
Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 300093, Taiwan
Hsu Ma
Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan
Jen-Her Lu*
Section of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
Tel: +886-2-77370020; Fax: +886-2-77370023
E-mail: jenherlu@gmail.com
†Kai Hsia, Tien-Shiang Wang, Chin-Su Liu, and Chih-Kuan Su contributed equally to this work as co-first authors.
Received: August 31, 2022; Revised: February 20, 2023; Accepted: March 26, 2023; Published online: June 30, 2023.
© The Korean Society for Biotechnology and Bioengineering. All rights reserved.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Decellularized human umbilical arteries (dHUA) is an off-the-shelf graft that can potentially serve as vascular scaffolds in tissue engineering of small-diameter vascular grafts. This research aimed to investigate that dHUA could exhibit adequate endothelialization for a long term in xenogenic transplantation. 13 dHUAs were implanted in rat abdominal aortas up to 90 days. Rats were divided into three groups in terms of survival period: Group 1, one to seven days (n = 6); Group 2, 14 to 30 days (n = 4) and Group 3, 90 days (n = 3). The explants were analyzed by histological, immunohistochemistry and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) examination. Allograft implantation of 12 decellularized rat abdominal aortas` were processed the same way as the rat in order to make a comparison for survival rates (Group 1, n = 5; Group 2, n = 4; Group 3, n = 3). The results demonstrated that the survival rates of xenograft and allograft implantation were estimated to be 59.2% vs. 58.3% in Group 1, 50.7% vs. 58.3% in Group 2 and 3. Grafts harvested from Group 2 were showed CD31, endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression at intima, and α-smooth muscle actin, CD45, CD68 and CD168 expression at the tunica externa. A layer structure with obvious endo-thelialization and fiber regeneration/orientation could be inspected from the explants of Group 3. MRA demonstrated the patency of dHUA on day 30 and 90. In conclusion, more than 50% dHUA maintained patency in the xenogenic model till 90 days after surgery. A mature vessel-like functional structure with intact endothelial layer was observed then. This warrants further study in the reinforcement of decellularized vascular scaffolds.
Keywords: decellularization, human umbilical artery, xenogenic implantation endothelialization, magnetic resonance angiography

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